Climate changes impacts on Rice productions

 Introduction Ethiopia is facing diverse climate associated challenges in 2020. The principal challenges are related with all the desert locust invasions from the Northeast (Tigray, Wollo and Afar areas) and South-eastern (Dire Dawa and Hararghe) regions of the nation and flooding connected with constant heavy rains that has affected the Fogera plain and the lowland regions of Afar area. Additionally, the flood in the Fogera plain has been aggravated by (I) the poor management of irrigation channels of this uncompleted rib river irrigation scheme, which has been under construction since 2008, (ii) lack of flood management structures in the districts of this Fogera simple, and (iii) the lack of coordinated and proper pest control practices (e.g. afforestation, terracing and other flood controlling practices) on the upper catchment areas (upland regions ) of the Fogera plain, and a scarcity of flood-risk reduction and analysis to get a quick response.We introduce the size of flood damage in the Fogera plain based on (I) direct observations and conversation with flooding affected rice farmers, and (ii) data gathered from the district and kebele[1] offices of Agriculture and Early Warning and Risk Management offices. Along with the degree of damage, we talk about the continuing efforts put in place to address challenges along with expected consequences on rice commercialization as well as the livelihoods of farmers at the Fogera plain. Steps underway to Deal with the affected households after the floods, those badly affected have received diplomatic aid , such as provision of temporary shelter (house, blankets, tarpaulins, sleeping mats) and relief support (provision of food and water).In terms of rehabilitation, there's a plan to ensure availability of seeds from plants which can be grown while the floodwater subsides, chiefly linked to short-term crops like pulses and crops that can be grown with supplementary irrigation. According to respondents, the expected challenges will probably be (I) ensuring that the supply of quality seed of preferred varieties of short maturing crops, (ii) labour shortage, as all influenced farmers need to plant at precisely the same time, (iii) the potential communicable disease pandemic following the flood (e.g. typhoid, cholera and Malaria), and (iv) persistent food insecurity aggravated by both the flooding and COVID-19 related food price surge. The expected effect of the flooding on rice commercialization and farmers' livelihoods responses of farmers and experts in the respective district division of agriculture and Early Warning and Risk Management offices indicate the next short and long-term effects associated with rice commercialization and farmers' livelihoods:The need to ensure food safety for the farm households during humanitarian aid, which also demands redirection of agriculture development efforts; Availability of paddy rice from the present principal production will be considerably reduced leading to higher prices of both paddy and milled rice. This will aggravate the observed increase in both paddy and milled rice because of COVID 19 pandemic;The food safety status of farm householders in rural areas and households in urban areas will be substantially reduced as food prices will be very high; The projected harvest production on the residual moisture in the soil after the flooding will contribute to progress in the access to food for farm families. On the other hand, the extent of manufacturing is forecast to be affected by lack of labor, as all influenced farmers will start farm activities at exactly the same time. Considering that the exacerbation of damage has been mainly as a result of inefficiency in the building and lack of timely completion of the noodle irrigation scheme, policymakers are likely to improve production systems with greater access to irrigation, along with the chance of off-season production of different crops such as high-value crops (vegetables). Rib irrigation is one of the major investments at the Fogera plain anticipated to alter the whole crop production system covering 20,000 ha of property and reaching 40,000 farmers. The building of Rib irrigation dam began in 2008 with a local contractor, Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation with the financial support of World Bank included in the Bank's Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project (ENIDP) with first estimated budget of 1.3 billion birr and has been assumed to be completed in 2012. It was formally inaugurated in 2018 following 10 years in an expense of 3.8 billion birr. However, the strategy is still not completed, with the regional government intending to do so from the first half of 2021.